Chapter 6 Research
Use the Internet to research a computer model with exceptional parallel processing ability. Identify the manufacturer, the maximum number of processors the computer uses, how fast the machine can perform calculations, and typical applications for it. Cite your sources, include your name, and be sure to define any new terms.
Blog on!
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Signatec’s launch of the PMP1000 introduces the most advanced real-time parallel processing solution into the industry. Designed to meet the most demanding high-speed I/O and processing requirements, the PMP1000 harnesses the power of nine Texas Instruments TMS320C6414T digital signal processors (DSPs). This parallel DSP product provides over 2000 MB/s of concurrent onboard I/O and the ability to combine any number of customer-specific channels of data for up to 500 MB/s of continuous data input from an external source.
With 64 megabytes of memory mapped directly into the eight processing DSPs (>512 MB of total DSP memory), and an advanced parallel DSP operating system incorporated to simplify user programming, Signatec’s PMP1000 is the most accessible, massively parallel DSP board on the market.
The University of Tennessee currently houses one of the fastest computers in the world, The Cray XT5 Kraken. Manufactured by Cray in coordination with AMD, it operates on the AMD Opteron 64 processor. The Opteron is a 6 core processor, with the Kraken housing more than 100,000 cores on 16,666 processors. This allows the Kraken to operate at more than a Petaflop of computing power at Clockrate of 2200–2800 MHz.
This is the equivalent processing power and speed of roughly 100,000 people on interconnected laptops performing the same task.
This computer is used for everything from climate and weather modeling, to medical research.
http://www.utk.edu/tntoday/2009/11/16/kraken-worlds-third-most-powerful-computer/
http://www.utk.edu/tntoday/2009/10/06/kraken-supercomputer-first-to-break-petascale/
http://www.cray.com/Assets/PDF/products/xt/CrayXT5Brochure.pdf
The Columbia Supercomputer is a computer used by NASA which was named after the crew that lost their lives in flight on February 1, 2003. This computer was built by Silicon Graphics, and has 10,240 processors composed of twenty 512-processor nodes. It can do 51.87 trillion floating point calculations per second. The Columbia has 20 terabytes of memory, 440 terabytes of storage, and 10 petabytes of archive storage. With the fast-paced technological advances, maybe one day the capabilities of these computers will be found in everyday businesses and homes.
http://www.nas.nasa.gov/Resources/Systems/columbia_details.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_(supercomputer)
Introducing the CRAY XT6 supercomputer, the next evolution of the Cray family that was first to break the petascale performance barrier on real-world applications. Engineered to meet the demanding needs of capability-class High Performance Computing (HPC) applications, each feature and function is selected to enable larger datasets, faster solutions and a greater return on investments. Designed to support the most challenging HPC workloads, the Cray XT6 supercomputer delivers scalable computing power to solve the toughest research and commercial challenges.
The following is the technical specifications of CRAY XT6:
Manufacturer: CRAY
Max number of processor: (CPU) Eight (8) or Twelve (12) –core 64-bit AMD Opteron 6000 series processors; up to 192 per cabinet.
Calculations per second: 85GB/sec per dual socket compute node or over 8TB/sec per system cabinet.
Typical Applications: Virtualization, HPC High Performance Computing), Database server, and Business applications.
For complete technical specifications of CRAY XT6 go to this site:
http://www.cray.com/Assets/PDF/products/xt/CrayXT6Brochure.pdf
New Terms:
HPC – High Performance Computing
Petascale performance – a metric for objects on the scale of quadrillions (10 to the 15th power or 1,000,000,000,000,000) of elements. Most often used for computer systems; a petascale computer system operates at speeds in petaflops and has memory measured in petabytes.
Michael Simpson
References:
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/petascale
http://www.cray.com/Assets/PDF/products/xt/CrayXT6Brochure.pdf
With a peak speed of 2.33 petaflops (over two thousand trillion calculations per second), "Jaguar," a Cray XT5 supercomputer located at Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF), is the world's fastest supercomputer for unclassified research. Capable of simulating physical systems with heretofore unfeasible speed and accuracy—from the explosions of stars to the building blocks of matter—Jaguar has led OLCF into the era of petascale computing and beyond.
In the first half of 2009, OLCF explored the uncharted territory of petascale scientific supercomputing by inviting 28 leading research teams from around the world to participate in a six-month program of early petascale science using Jaguar. Using more than 355 million combined processor hours, these research teams delivered breakthrough scientific discoveries in climate science, chemistry, materials science, nuclear energy, physics, bioenergy, astrophysics, geosciences, fusion, and combustion. The research included climate models of unprecedented resolution, calculations of the flux of uranium into the Columbia River from aging underground storage facilities, and in-depth studies about impediments to producing bioethanol from plant material.
The Jaguar system consists of an 84cabinet quad-core Cray XT4 system and 200 upgraded Cray XT5 cabinets, using six-core processors. The XT4 has 8 gigabytes of memory per node while the XT5 has 16 gigabytes per node, giving the users a total of 362 terabytes of high-speed memory in the combined system. The two systems are connected to the Scalable I/O Network (SION), which links them together and to the Spider file system. The XT5 system has 256 service and I/O nodes providing up to 240 gigabytes per second of bandwidth to SION and 200 gigabits per second to external networks. The XT4 has 116 service and I/O nodes providing 44 gigabytes per second of bandwidth to SION and 100 gigabits per second to external networks.
There are four nodes on both the XT4 and XT5 boards. The XT4 nodes have a single AMD quad-core Opteron 1354 "Budapest" processor coupled with 8 gigabytes of DDR2-800 memory. The XT5 is a double-density version of the XT4. It has 3.7 times the processing power and twice the memory and memory bandwidth on each node. The XT5 node has two Opteron 2435 "Istanbul" processors linked with dual HyperTransport connections. Each Opteron has directly attached 8 gigabytes of DDR2-800 memory. The result is a dual-socket, twelve-core node with 16 gigabytes of shared memory and a peak processing performance of 125 gigaflops.
Each node runs Cray's version of the SuSE Linux operating system. Cray has tuned the Linux kernel to remove unnecessary services from the compute nodes. The result is that the operating system minimizes interruptions to the application codes running on the system, thus giving predictable, repeatable run times for applications. The SuSE Linux operating system on the nodes joins the system services, networking software, communications, I/O, and mathematical libraries, as well as compilers, debuggers, and performance tools to form the Cray Linux Environment.
http://www.nccs.gov/jaguar/
Timothy
As the global leader in supercomputing, Cray provides highly advanced supercomputing systems and world-class services and support to government, industry and academia. Cray technology enables scientists and engineers to achieve remarkable breakthroughs by accelerating performance, improving efficiency and extending the capabilities of their most demanding applications. Cray's Adaptive Supercomputing vision will result in innovative next-generation products that integrate diverse processing technologies into a unified architecture, allowing customers to surpass today's limitations and meeting the market's continued demand for realized performance.
The Cray XT3™ supercomputer is designed to run challenging, high-end scientific research and engineering applications with superior scalability, performance and reliability. Engineered for massively parallel applications, it features an AMD Opteron processors, high bandwidth, low latency interconnect and a high speed, highly reliable I/O system.
Single- and Dual-Core AMD Opteron™ Processors
MPP (Massively Parallel Processing) optimized operating system
Systems scale to 60,000 processing cores
1 cabinet: Single Core 147 TFLOPS, Dual-Core 269 TFLOPS
http://www.amd.com/us-en/0,,3715_13167,00.html
IBM is developing a new supercomputer for the Department of Energy as part of its Blue Gene series scheduled for delivery in 2011. It will be capable of 20 petaflops, or 20 quadrillion floating operations per second. That's the equivalent of completing calculations in around eight hours that would take a typical Intel-powered laptop 20,000 years to complete. Sequoia will chug along at 20 petaflops per second and is one order of magnitude quicker than its predecessor. An earlier machine, delivered in June to the Energy Department, broke the 1 petaflop barrier. Peta is a term for quadrillion and FLOP stands for floating point operations per second.
While IBM’s supercomputer have packed Intel's and AMD's PC-oriented x86 processors into their machines, IBM has crafted its own chips--in Sequoia's case, a custom built version of its gadget-focused Power processor--aimed specifically at supercomputer applications. That approach, IBM says, will now allow it to pack 18 processing cores onto a single chip, compared with Intel's four-core chips. The system as a whole will use 1.6 million cores.
Each chip will have its own built-in networking hardware and memory, reducing data bottlenecks between chips processing in parallel. And those processors will be arranged in a three-dimensional torus shape--two interlocking donuts--to bring each chip as close as possible to every other chip in the configuration.
Sequoia system is being built for use in simulating nuclear tests. IBM says they can also be used for complex tasks like weather forecasting or oil exploration.
Ted McHugh
http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/03/ibms-sequoia-supercomputer-to-shatter-speed-records/
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/4448756/IBM-unveils-worlds-fastest-computer.html
http://www.forbes.com/2009/02/02/ibm-supercomputer-sequoia-technology-enterprise-tech_0203_ibm.html
The Kraken Cray XT5:
Kraken Cray XT5 system specifications:
* System has: Cray Linux Environment (CLE) 2.2
* A peak performance of 1.03 PetaFLOP
* 99,072 compute cores
* 129 TB of compute memory
* A 3.3 PB raw parallel file system of disk storage for scratch space (2.4 PB available)
* 8,256 compute nodes
* Each node has: Two 2.6 GHz six-core AMD Opteron processors (Istanbul)
* 12 cores
* 16 GB of memory
* Connection via Cray SeaStar2+ router
http://www.nics.tennessee.edu/category/nics/nsf%E2%80%99s-largest-supercomputer-full-production-mode
http://www.nics.tennessee.edu/computing-resources/kraken
http://www.nics.tennessee.edu/computing-resources/kraken/running-jobs
The computer that I discovered with an exceptional parallel processing ability id the Cray Jaguar it is manufactured by Cray computer using AMD ores. It is currently the fastest computer in the world.
The Cray Jaguar uses 224,256 AMD Opteron processor cores it operates at 2.33 petaflops which is over two thousand trillion calculations per second. It uses the Cray Linux operating system. The programs that are run on the Jaguar are used for high end simulation and calculations by scientist.
The jaguar has 362 terabytes of memory and 10 petabytes of storage in a hard-disk array.
Extreme speed and storage.
Sources:
Yahoo tech http://tech.yahoo.com/blogs/yoon/2329
NCCS.gov http://www.nccs.gov/computing-resources/jaguar/software/
Yahoo tech http://tech.yahoo.com/blogs/yoon/2329
One of the most powerful computer processors in the world is the Cray XT6 Opteron 12 Core supercomputer.
Some of the specs include:
Eight or 12-core 64-bit AMD Opteron 6000 series processors; up to 192 per cabinet
32 GB or 64 GB registered ECC DDR3 SDRAM per compute node
http://www.cray.com/Products/XT/Systems/XT6.aspx
http://www.cray.com/Assets/PDF/products/xt/CrayXT6Brochure.pdf
The Newest Parallel processing computer from Cray the XT6m has a monstrous amount of computing power. It houses either 8 or 12 core AMD Opteron 6100 series processors, housing up to 192 per cabinet. This machine has a peak performance of 12.2 to 20.2 Teraflops per system cabinet. The Cray XT6m also offers a variety of Linux based Operating systems making a multi user atmosphere a reality. The Cray Super computers can be used for anything from Weather forecasting models to Medical Research.
Reference:
http://www.cray.com/Products/XT/Systems/XT6m.aspx
Jesse L.
I remember hearing about a supercomputer blue water, I felt was amazing kinda made me excited. Here it is.
Blue Waters is expected to be the most powerful supercomputer in the world for open scientific research when it comes online in 2011. It will be the first system of its kind to sustain one petaflop performance on a range of science and engineering applications. The project also includes intense collaboration with dozens of teams in the development of science and engineering applications, system software, interactions with business and industry, and educational programs. This comprehensive approach will ensure that scientists and engineers across the country will be able to use Blue Waters to its fullest potential.
Scientists will create breakthroughs in nearly all fields of science using Blue Waters. They will predict the behavior of complex biological systems, understand how the cosmos evolved after the Big Bang, design new materials at the atomic level, predict the behavior of hurricanes and tornadoes, and simulate complex engineered systems like the power distribution system and airplanes and automobiles.
Blue Waters is a joint effort of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, its National Center for Supercomputing Applications, IBM, and the Great Lakes Consortium for Petascale Computation. It is supported by the National Science Foundation and the University of Illinois.
Blue Waters will be based on POWER7 hardware from IBM—makers of more than one-third of the world's 500 fastest computers and almost all of the 40 most "green" supercomputers. It will be the first of a powerful new system design from IBM. The design includes extensive research and development in new chip technology, interconnect technology, operating systems, compiler, and programming environments.
Substantial investments will be made by the Blue Waters partnership to enhance the scalability and performance of existing science and engineering applications and to develop new applications that take full advantage of the extraordinary capabilities that Blue Waters will provide. The partnership is developing an enhanced version of IBM's high-performance computing environment to ensure that applications achieve high sustained performance. The enhanced environment will increase the productivity of application developers, system administrators, and researchers by providing an integrated toolset to use Blue Waters and analyze and control its behavior.
The Blue Waters project also includes a far-reaching educational and workforce development program. It will impact students from K-12 through postgraduate education, reaching out to geographical areas and communities that have been historically underrepresented in supercomputing. At the undergraduate level, the program will educate the next generation of graduate students, K-12 teachers, future technical staff, and the informed public. At the graduate and postgraduate levels, the program will educate and train the next generation of researchers.
An expanded industrial partner program is an integral part of the Blue Waters project. Members of the Great Lakes Consortium for Petascale Computation will work with their business and industry partners to introduce them to the world of petascale computing, giving industrial outreach a truly national scale.
http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/BlueWaters/
Richard
remember hearing about a supercomputer blue water, I felt was amazing kinda made me excited. Here it is.
Blue Waters is expected to be the most powerful supercomputer in the world for open scientific research when it comes online in 2011. It will be the first system of its kind to sustain one petaflop performance on a range of science and engineering applications. The project also includes intense collaboration with dozens of teams in the development of science and engineering applications, system software, interactions with business and industry, and educational programs. This comprehensive approach will ensure that scientists and engineers across the country will be able to use Blue Waters to its fullest potential.
Scientists will create breakthroughs in nearly all fields of science using Blue Waters. They will predict the behavior of complex biological systems, understand how the cosmos evolved after the Big Bang, design new materials at the atomic level, predict the behavior of hurricanes and tornadoes, and simulate complex engineered systems like the power distribution system and airplanes and automobiles.
Blue Waters is a joint effort of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, its National Center for Supercomputing Applications, IBM, and the Great Lakes Consortium for Petascale Computation. It is supported by the National Science Foundation and the University of Illinois.
Blue Waters will be based on POWER7 hardware from IBM—makers of more than one-third of the world's 500 fastest computers and almost all of the 40 most "green" supercomputers. It will be the first of a powerful new system design from IBM. The design includes extensive research and development in new chip technology, interconnect technology, operating systems, compiler, and programming environments.
Substantial investments will be made by the Blue Waters partnership to enhance the scalability and performance of existing science and engineering applications and to develop new applications that take full advantage of the extraordinary capabilities that Blue Waters will provide. The partnership is developing an enhanced version of IBM's high-performance computing environment to ensure that applications achieve high sustained performance. The enhanced environment will increase the productivity of application developers, system administrators, and researchers by providing an integrated toolset to use Blue Waters and analyze and control its behavior.
The Blue Waters project also includes a far-reaching educational and workforce development program. It will impact students from K-12 through postgraduate education, reaching out to geographical areas and communities that have been historically underrepresented in supercomputing. At the undergraduate level, the program will educate the next generation of graduate students, K-12 teachers, future technical staff, and the informed public. At the graduate and postgraduate levels, the program will educate and train the next generation of researchers.
An expanded industrial partner program is an integral part of the Blue Waters project. Members of the Great Lakes Consortium for Petascale Computation will work with their business and industry partners to introduce them to the world of petascale computing, giving industrial outreach a truly national scale.
http://www.ncsa.illinois.edu/BlueWaters/
Richard
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